Tuesday, July 21, 2015

History of the hole in the ozone layer over antarctica

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NASA - From Discovery, To Solution, To Evolution: Observing Earth's Ozone Layer


  http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/ozone-history.html
But in the stratosphere, the atmospheric layer 6 to 30 miles (10 to 50 KM) above the surface, ozone absorbs Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation from the sun, which can damage DNA and lead to skin cancer in humans. "Atmospheric ozone is no longer declining because concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals stopped increasing and are now declining," says Flynn.Future of Recovery But the atmosphere does not have a straight line to recovery

Ozone Home Page


  http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone/index.html
Data from the WMO-GAW ozone observing system are collected and stored at the WMO World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC) at Environment Canada, Toronto. The ozone that occurs naturally near the surface and in the lower atmosphere is also beneficial because ozone helps remove pollutants from the atmosphere

Ozone layer showing 'signs of recovery', UN says - BBC News


  http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29152028
If it's accurate, it underlines the potential power of international agreement."CO2 still problematicThe good news on ozone comes in the wake of bad news on the gases fuelling climate change. The largest hole in the ozone layer appears over Antarctica "We have to be a bit cautious, but this does look on the face of it like some very good news," he told BBC News

  http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/ozone-layer.html
The hole occurs over Antarctica because the extreme cold helps the very high clouds characteristic of that area form tiny ice particles of water and nitric acid, which facilitate the chemical reactions involved. When the Antarctic spring sun rises in August or September and hits the trapped chemicals, a chain reaction begins in which chlorine, bromine (from the halons), and ice crystals react with the ozone and destroy it very quickly

The Ozone Layer: Our Global Sunscreen - American Chemical Society


  http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2012-2013/ozone-layer-our-global-sunscreen.html
Their computer model reproduced the chemistry and circulation of the air; the natural variations in temperatures and winds; and the minor changes in the amount of energy received from the sun. Scientists first became aware of the depletion of the ozone layer in 1985, when British researchers in Antarctica were measuring the amount of ozone in the skies above

  http://www.wunderground.com/resources/climate/ozone_skeptics.asp
After making revisions, the author submits the article back to the journal editor, who can then accept the article, reject it, or send it back for another round of review. They also asked how Americans would go about putting sunscreen and hats on cows and stalks of corn, since plants and animals are adversely affected by UV light, as well

Whatever Happened to the Ozone Hole?


  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/100505-science-environment-ozone-hole-25-years/
But in May 1985 scientists with the British Antarctic Survey shocked the world when they announced the discovery of a huge hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. These UV rays can cause skin cancer and cataracts in humans, as well as reproductive problems in fish, crabs, frogs, and even in the single-celled phytoplankton at the bottom of the ocean food chain

World of Change: Antarctic Ozone Hole : Feature Articles


  http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/ozone.php
On the other hand, because of the impact of greenhouse gas warming, the ozone layer over the tropics and mid-southern latitudes may not recover for more than a century, and perhaps not ever. Models suggest that the concentration of chlorine and other ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere will not return to pre-1980 levels until the middle decades of this century

The Antarctic Ozone Hole


  http://coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/ozone_hole.php
If there is a hole in the ozone layer then this means that more harmful ultra-violet rays get through than are good for us or many other life forms, plant or animal. They are a group of chemically similar gases used in refrigeration systems, air conditioners, aerosols, solvents and in the production of some types of packaging

Ozone Hole Peaks Over Antarctica


  http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/antarctica-ozone-vin
Share Link Featured Videos Related Does Hurricane Sandy Have a Silver Lining? Ozone Hole Peaks Over Antarctica Giant Vacuum to Help Bugs in Oiled Marshes? Pristine Islands to Be Protected Clay Eating Discouraged U.S

  http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/history_SH.html
NASA has been monitoring the status of the ozone layer through satellite observations since the 1970s, beginning with the TOMS sensors on the Nimbus satellites. For example, the National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) measured elevated levels of the chemical chlorine dioxide (OClO) during the springtime ozone hole from McMurdo Research Station

  http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html
These unusual reactions can occur only on the surface of polar stratospheric cloud particles, which may be water, ice, or nitric acid, depending on the temperature. From an aircraft field mission over Antarctica we also know that a total column ozone level of less than 220 Dobson Units is a result of catalyzed ozone loss from chlorine and bromine compounds

  http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part1.html
Another story goes that the TOMS satellite data didn't show the dramatic loss of ozone because the software processing the raw ozone data from the satellite was programmed to treat very low values of ozone as bad readings! Later analysis of the raw data when the results from the British Antarctic Survey team were published, confirmed their results and showed that the loss was rapid and large-scale; over most of the Antarctica continent. CFC's are a common industrial product, used in refrigeration systems, air conditioners, aerosols, solvents and in the production of some types of packaging

The Ozone Hole


  http://www.theozonehole.com/
Scientific theory and evidence suggest that, once emitted to the atmosphere, these compounds could significantly deplete the stratospheric ozone layer that shields the planet from damaging UV-B radiation. The Ozone Hole About Us Awards Donate Contact Us Site Map News Links Ozone Hole History Montreal Protocol Ozone Hole 2006 Ozone hole 2014 Arctic Ozone Hole The Ozone Hole For nearly a billion years, ozone molecules in the atmosphere have protected life on Earth from the effects of ultraviolet rays

The Ozone Hole-Ozone Hole History


  http://www.theozonehole.com/ozoneholehistory.htm
The 100 hPa temperature over Halley and Vernadsky was below the long term mean for most of the season.Total ozone values fell from an estimated 300 DU in early July to around 200 DU in mid August. These Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC's) are composed of ice crystals that provide the surface for a multitude of reactions, many of which speed the degradation of ozone molecules

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